RISE IN RISKS OF
METHADONE PRESCRIPTIONS.
A drug that first gained prominence as the treatment for
heroin addiction, methadone is now more commonly prescribed by medical
practitioners for range of severe pain. Why we have seen this rise in
methadone use, are we as prescribers doing everything we can to understand the
risks of methadone and to ensure that our patients are aware of the dangers as
well.
You are listening to ReachMD, The Channel for Medical
Professionals. Welcome to the Clinician's Roundtable, I am your host, Dr. Mark
Nolan Hill, Professor of Surgery and Practicing General Surgeon and our guest
is Dr. Howard Heit, a nationally recognized Chronic Pain And Addiction
Specialist practicing in Northern Virgin and an Assistant Clinical Professor at
the Georgetown University School of Medicine.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Welcome. Dr. Heit.
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Thank you very much for having me on your program, Dr. Hill.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Dr. Heit, methadone is now the fastest growing cause of the
narcotic deaths in the United States. Could you explain?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Well, I think there are couple of reasons for this, is that
methadone previously was used mainly for treating the disease of addiction, and
I am certified in that particular area of medicine, but also methadone is being
used increasingly more for pain management and the reason it is being used more
and more for pain management is that it is an excellent medication, it is the cheap,
but it is un-forgetting medicine if used not knowledgeably or prescribed with
the knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the particular
medicine.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
If you would review for a second, why and how it is used in
heroin addiction?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Well, we have above a million people who have addiction to
heroin and only 250,000 slots of opioid treatment centers. And what methadone
does, it goes to the new receptor site, the same receptor site that heroin goes
to and essentially extinguishes the cravings for methadone and this has been
used since the mid 60s for the treatment of the disease of addiction. It was
pioneered by a wonderful physician, Marie Nicewander and her husband,
Vincentdall who started the first Methadone Clinic in New York City. It is
very successful in regards to treating the disease of addiction, especially
heroin addiction or any prescription opioid addition.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
We got to use it with people who have pain;
1. Because it is an excellent analgesic needing a pain
relieving qualities.
2. In this day and age where brand medicines, cost a lot of
money, it is essentially cheap as far as a pharmacologic product because it has
been around so long and is available in a generic form and is very cost
efficient to use.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Although, it is the fastest growing cause of narcotic deaths
in United States.
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Well, again, what I have
a problem with, is a tail wagging the dog or the dog wagging the tail.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
What you means sir?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Well, what we mean is that what we get publicity about the
downside of opioid pain management whether it would be methadone or controlled
use of oxycodone products or other products that gets the headline, but the
headlines never come out of <_____> gets her life back with
appropriate rational pharmacotherapy with methadone, when someone returns to
work and is able to support his or her family with appropriate pain management
with methadone. We never hear about the good stories. We always hear about
the bad stories in the media or the press.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Why is that?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
When we say it is not about the money, it is always about
the money. Good news does not sell and bad new sell.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Well, should primary care physician start using methadone
instead of OxyContin or should they go to someone like yourself or pain
specialist. Who should prescribe this?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Well, I think very strongly whenever a physician or
healthcare provider prescribes a medicine, he or she should know the
pharmacodynamics of the medicine and the pharmakinetics of the medicine. What
is pharmakinetics? Well, that have to do with drug absorption, distribution,
binding, excretion, but the easy way to remember pharmacokinetics is what the
body does to the drug. He/she should also know the pharmacodynamics of the
drug. The mechanism of which the drugs produce the effect and again the easy
way to remember that is what the drug does to the body. So, if you are going
to use any medication and I do not care whether you are using it for pain
management or a drug for pulmonary disease, you have to be familiar with the
pharmakinetics and pharmacodynamics of that drug or you should not prescribe
it.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Well, there is a big difference. Big difference. Methadone
is a more complex medication pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically. It
has a bearable half life meaning that, I know if I have used I controlled the
oxycodone product then I am going to get a steady state blood level in 36
hours, but the path life of methadone has a marked individual variation
anywhere from 14 to 40 hours.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Why?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
That is just the way it works. I cannot tell you that, but
it also works on other receptor sites. It is an antagonist on what we call the
MNV receptor site and that may have to do with tolerance of the medications and
if we have looked at all the deaths secondary to methadone, they usually occur
in the first 2 to 3 weeks whether that methadone was used on the street
illicitly prescribed a in opioid treatment center for the treatment of
addiction or used in pain management.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
And your thoughts about that.
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
It has occurred for 3 reasons. The initial dose was too
high. It was titrated up too quickly or there was a drug-drug interaction that
changed the blood level of the drug.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
But how do you know, how to start and when to start and what
to give exactly.
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
The key is to go very
slow and go conservatively. You got to think about it logically. You could
always add to the medication if you need more analgesia, but the patient could
always call you and say doc the dose isn't strong enough. I am still having my
pain #7 while you are trying to get it down to #4 or 5, so I could always add
if necessary, but it is very hard for me to get it out of your body when you
are having respiratory depression and not breathing and fall on the floor, it
is very difficult to reach for the phone and call your doctor under those
circumstances, so the key is always is always to be very conservative in your dosing
and titrate to affect.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
And what about interactions with other drugs that are
commonly used?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
You have to know this because one of the things that is very
unique about methadone is its metabolism to the liver and it goes to what we
called cytochrome 450 enzyme system and there are medications that will cause
induction of that system meaning you will spree the metabolism up through that
system, such as antiseizure medicine, such as Dilantin, Tegretol, certain
hypoglycemic agents such as insulin, phenobarbital, and then contrary you have
medicines that will cause an inhibition of the cytochrome 450 system, such as
cimetidine, antifungal agent, certain antidepressants, even grapefruit juice,
and so it is incumbent on the healthcare provider who prescribes methadone to
know all the medicines that the patient is on or the medicine the patient is
going off because that could affect the blood level of methadone and affect the
patient in an adverse way.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
With all this potential risks involved and multiple factors
you mentioned, is it worth in terms of the efficacy and benefits of methadone.
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Like with any other medicine, if used properly what I call
along with good rational pharmacotherapy, I believed very strongly its benefit
outweigh its risks, but the keys to know about methadone, it does not have a
sense of humor, if used inappropriately.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
If you have just joined us, you are listening to the
Clinician's Roundtable on ReachMD. I am your host, Dr. Mark Nolan Hill and our
guest is Dr. Howard Heit, a nationally recognized Chronic Pain And Addiction Specialists
practicing in Northern Virgin and an Assistant Clinical Professor at the
Georgetown University School of Medicine. We are discussing the rise in risks
of methadone prescriptions.
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
What are the patients saying in terms of their pain relief?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
The pain relief is done
correctly, they think it is a miracle medication.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Tell us about the contract that you entered into with the
mutual obligation with your patient.
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Well, Mark, I would like to use the word rather than
contract, I like to use the word agreement.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Why is that so?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Because I am not entering into a legal agreement with the
patient, a legal contract. I am entering into agreement. That agreement
states the responsibility that I have and the responsibility that the patient
has in receiving a control substance. It states before I write the first
prescription for that patient, the mutual responsibilities of each party
essentially what I will do for you and what you will do for me based on mutual
trusts and responsibility. It sets up the rules of the game before I write the
first prescription.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
And how do you do that?
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Well, I have a written agreement that I have used over the
years, and I have the patient read it and if they agree with it or have any
questions about it because it also gives informed consent of explaining the
difference between addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance, which I think
is very important for the patient to know. I gave a copy to the patient. I
also gave the patient an extra copy to take to the pharmacist because I want
the pharmacist to know who is prescribing these scheduled two medications. In case
if there are any questions they could always call me. There is written
agreement is a sense of form of informed consent and a sense of what we would
do for each other because we have to remember the prescribing of a controlled
substance especially in opioid is a privilege not a write and the receiving of
it is a privilege of right. The pharmacist is dispensing it is a privileged
not a right.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Dr. Heit, not to be too simplistic, but how you do keep from
being duped I have been in practice for 26 years and the patient I never would
have guessed, would be dishonest to me, have duped me going to different
pharmacies, telling me things, and how do you really know when the patient
enters into this agreement with you that there are going to be straight and honest.
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
No, sir.
DR. HOWARD HEIT:
Pseudoaddiction is a term in which a patient has been
inappropriately or untreated for pain and that patient will do aberrant
behavior in order to get good pain management. But when that patient receives
rational pharmacotherapy and complimentary therapy in order to treat your pain,
all aberrant behavior stops. While addiction is a primary chronic
neurobiological disease that is marked by a fair control of her drug use and
compulsive use, continue to use despite harm and cravings. So what you do when
you first see a patient. You set up the appropriate boundaries with that
patient based on history and physical and then if the patient stays within that
boundaries, then pseudoaddiction is a diagnosis made retrospectively, which the
behavior normalizes. Somebody with the disease of addiction, the behavior
deteriorates despite your best effort. So, if you set up appropriate
boundaries before you write the first prescription of the mutual responsibility
of each, the patient who is trying to drug seek rather than pain relief seeking
will declare themselves. So, I believe everybody who comes into my practice,
truly has pain until they declare themselves one way or the other.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
I want to thank our guest Dr. Howard Heit. We have been
discussing the rise and risks of methadone prescriptions.
I am Dr. Mark Nolan Hill and you have been listening to
the Clinician's Roundtable on ReachMD, The Channel for Medical Professional.
Be sure to visit our web site at reachmd.com featuring on-demand podcast of our
entire library. For comments and questions, please call us toll-free at
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