HEPATIC RESECTION
AND TRANSPLANTATION.
As we extend the bounds of surgical resection for hepatic
malignancies, we overcome previously held limitations of our efforts against
the disease. How do our techniques in theories on hepatic resection also
relate back hepatic transplantation?
You are listening to ReachMD XM 157, the channel for
medical professionals. Welcome to the clinicians roundtable. I am your host,
Dr. Mark Nolan Hill, Professor of Surgery and practicing general surgeon. Our
guest today is Dr. Alan Hemming, Professor of Surgery and Chief of
Transplantation and hepatobiliary surgery at the University of Florida College
of Medicine.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Welcome Dr. Hemming.
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Thanks for having me here Mark.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
We are discussing hepatic resection and transplantation.
Dr. Hemming it has always been that you are either trained as a hepatobiliary
surgeon or a transplant surgeon. How are you doing both and what is going on
now in the training of young surgeons in terms of both hepatic resection and
transplantation.
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Traditionally, in United States, we are trained as someone
who resects the liver or takes part of the liver out or transplanter who does
liver transplantation and kidney transplantation, etc., that has not been true
in countries other than the US. In Europe and in Canada, the training has been
geared towards disease process, so that if you are a liver surgeon, you did
liver resectional surgery and transplantation. I think what has changed in the
US a little bit over the last few years is the introduction of living-related
donor transplantation where the transplantars all of a sudden got involved in
resecting part of the liver or use as a donor graft. The necessary techniques
for that were sort of transported from resectional surgery once the transplant
has gotten involved in that there was some crossover between the two of sharing
of information and ideas to lead to, I think, a hybrid type of surgery and
everybody realizing that there was a benefit to combine training.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
So, it will not be in the future that some who called
themselves clearly either just a transplant surgeon or a resectional surgeon?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Although, there are still surgeons who would be doing only
liver resectional work, I think you are going to see more and more of the very
high-end surgery being done by people who can do both liver transplantation and
resection work.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Which is technically more demanding?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Both transplantation and resection at the high end have
equally demanding components, in fact, many of the components are the same.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
In you practice what are the most reasons that you do
transplantation for?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Where I am, we do both pediatric and adult liver
transplantation and the most common reason I would perform a liver transplant
right now is for end-stage liver disease secondary to hepatitis C and a very
close part of that currently in the United States is hepatocellular carcinoma,
usually from hepatitis C, but primary liver cancers also have become a very big
indication for transplantation.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Do you ever transplant for alcoholic cirrhosis?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
We do, in our particular area approximately 10% of the patients;
probably have alcoholic cirrhosis that undergo transplantation. To be clear,
those are the patients that damage their liver with alcoholic cirrhosis, but
are no longer drinking and have undergone at least a 6-month period of sobriety
with counseling and psychotherapy.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Are there any ethical issues with that?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
I think they are always ethical issues when it comes to
liver transplantation. The bottom line is we have scarce resource. We have
more patients on our waiting list at any given time than we will have livers.
Approximately, 10% to 15% of the patients on the waiting list will die while
awaiting a liver. So, when you start making judgments about who does and does
not get a liver, there are always ethics involved. The decision about whether
to transplant someone who has alcoholic liver disease is really one that is
made almost by society rather than any particular transplant program. It is a
standard across United States to transplant folks who have developed alcoholic
liver disease. It is a relative standard to transplant only people who have
demonstrated that they had stopped for a prolonged period of time.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
In your research you have demonstrated preoperative portal
vein embolization. Why do you do this and what does it do?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Preoperative portal vein embolization refers to prior to
doing the liver surgery and removing say three-quarters of the liver or more,
we would go in with our interventional radiologists, have them put a needle
into the portal vein, and the portal vein is the main vein that comes from the
gut that brings blood flow into liver and initially branches into a right and a
left inside the liver. If we were going to leave just a small portion of the
left side of the liver, we would have our interventional radiologist place needle
into the right portal vein, block it and that diverts all of the portal flow
into the left side of the liver that causes the left side of the liver to grow
before the surgery. So, we may increase the volume of the left lobe of the
liver by 30% to 40% which gives us a much greater margin of safety, so that if
we then were resecting say all of the right side of the liver and half of the
left, instead of leaving only 20% or 25% of the liver we may now be leaving 30%
or 35% of the liver which would give us much less risk of liver failure.
If your have just joined us, you are listening to the
clinicians roundtable on ReachMD XM 157. I am your host, Dr. Mark Nolan Hill,
and our guest today is Dr. Alan Hemming, Professor of Surgery and Chief of
Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery at the University of Florida College
of Medicine. We are discussing hepatic resection and transplantation.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Dr. Hemming, is hepatic resection ever done for nonmalignant
disease?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Oh certainly! There are a variety of tumors in the liver,
tumor just meaning something that occupies some space, I guess, that are
benign, that would include things like adenomas, which are something that have
some malignant potential, but have bigger potential to bleed and we would
resect those. There are certain cysts or cystadenomas that we have resected
are benign. There are varieties of other things that we might do.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
And what about benign conditions that require aggressive
extended hepatic resection?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
If we are referring to the surgery, then we probably should
include vascular reconstruction and variety of very large operations. It would
be rare that we would perform that for, in fact, I cannot think a reason that
we would do it, do it for a benign condition. The majority of the time that we
are doing these extensive resections include vascular reconstruction or taking out
very large amounts of liver. It is to get a margin on a malignant condition.
So, in other words, get rid of all of the cancer cells. For a lot of the
benign conditions, we would not need that sort of clearance and is very
unlikely that we would need to go at those great lengths.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
How do you coordinate these extended resections with the
adjuvant therapy such as chemotherapy or radiation type treatments?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
It really very much depends on the type of disease we are
resecting, but for instances for colorectal metastasis to the liver. We would
generally these days give preoperative chemotherapy that would include agents
like Avastin that have to stopped about 6 to 8 weeks prior to the surgery due
to some complications they can cause, so we would time the chemotherapy. They
usually get about 6 cycles of chemotherapy, we would wait 6 to 8 weeks then do
their surgery after that and then usually about 6 weeks after that they will
restart their chemotherapy.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
I know that there are researchers working specifically to
study how to protect the liver during the surgical procedure. Can you tell us
briefly about that?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Sure! There are a variety of different ways of doing this.
One of the things we during liver surgery or we may do is interrupt blood
supply to the liver, so that there is no bleeding as we come through the
liver. That obviously gives an ischemic injury to that liver. There is no
blood flow to it. One of the ways is to protect the liver. For that you can
cool the liver and that is one of the things we do in some of the very large
resections that we do. We can use something called ischemic preconditioning,
means we temporarily interrupt the blood flow to the liver, not while we are
coming through it, but just to give it a small, I guess, taste of the things to
come. What that does is it primes the biochemistry of the hepatocytes or the
liver cells to sustain a greater injury later on, so it will tolerate cessation
of blood flow for longer period of time, so what we will do is put the clamps
on the inflow to the liver for about 5 minutes, then we will release it for 15,
and then the next time we put the clamp on, we can leave it on for up to an
hour and the liver will tolerate that injury much better. There are also a
variety of different drugs that people are working on for inducing the same
mechanism to improve the liver function after we finish the surgery.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Why is it so important to protect the liver?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
There are 2 things that we do as we resect; obviously we are
taking out a percentage of the liver function. There is a certain volume of
liver there, if we take more than about 80% of that volume, we risk the patient
going into liver failure. One of the ways of preserving some of the immediate
function is to protect it from the ischemia that we give it. So, let us we had
a liver that was going to have 20% of its function if we did not give it an
ischemic injury, but we give it an ischemic injury and that throws it down to
10% where that person can go into liver failure. So, if we protect it and keep
it at that full 20% of what we leave that patient will survive and go on for
possible cure.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Now, I am talking about transplantation. You mention that a
reasonable percentage of the patients will die waiting for their transplant.
What is the average time that someone who waits until they get a transplant?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
That very much depends on how sick they are and what region
of the country they are in. The way that the livers are allocated in United
States goes by something called a MELD score, which is an assessment of how
sick they are, how much liver dysfunction they have, so that the sicker your
are, the more likely you are to get a liver transplant. Now there is some
regional disparity in terms of at what point you are getting transplant and
with what MELD scores. For instance, in Florida we tend to transplant a
relatively lower MELD score, in other words less sick patients, then might be
the case in the New York or Chicago area, just because of demand in that area
for livers. For instance if you have a liver tumor that fits within certain criteria,
then your MELD score may be bumped up in order to transplant you sooner, and if
your MELD score is very low, then you may wait for very, very long time before
you get transplant, more than a year. On average, I would say 50% of the
patients that are on our list in Florida are transplanted within 6 months.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Now, I am a great Mickey Mantle fan, but you might recall
many years ago Mickey Mantle in the medical community there were some concerns
he needed a transplant and it seemed that he got his transplant very, very
rapidly. Any comments on this?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Well, there were lot of comments about when he got his
transplant he was inappropriately put to the top of the list, I can assure you
that really was not true. There is a very strict selection criteria that is
different now than it was then, but the bottom line is there was always a list,
it is not something that you can pick and choose over, and there actually was
an investigation into the whole Mickey Mantle issues and there was never shown
to be any favoritism or jumping of queues or anything like that.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
Finally, we always talk about minimally invasive surgery and
laparoscopic approaches. Does this have any role, even in the future, into
extended hepatic resection or transplantation?
DR. ALAN HEMMING:
Well, even now, we use laparoscopic surgery for some liver
resections. There are few people that have done some extended operations;
extended liver resection or what we call extended liver operations, none of
them that would include vascular resection. I would never say never,
techniques advance all the time and it may well be at some point that we can
those techniques in the future. One of the limitations obviously is you have
to get things in and out of somebody, so if you are taking a very large piece
of something out, you have to have a hole to get it out, similarly with liver
transplantation, you have to get a liver out and a liver in and there are
certain size, so you need a certain size hole to get it in. We certainly do
right and left lobectomies which is half a liver. We will perform those
laparoscopically. People have used laparoscopic liver surgery to do the living
donor operations to minimize the amount of discomfort that someone who is
willing to donate part of the liver will have. So, I think that as the
technology improves then I think for sure there is a role for more laparoscopic
surgery in both liver transplantation and resection.
DR. MARK NOLAN HILL:
I want to thank our guest, Dr. Alan Hemming. We have
been discussing hepatic resection and transplantation. I am Dr. Mark Nolan
Hill and you have been listening to the clinicians' roundtable on ReachMD XM
157, the channel for medical professionals. Be sure to visit our website at
ReachMD.com between on demand podcast of our entire library. For comments and
questions, please call us toll free at 888 MD XM 157 and thank you for
listening.
This is Leah Binder, Chief Executive Officer of the Leapfrog
Group, and you have been listening to ReachMD XM 157, the channel for medical
professionals.
